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Astronomy Module: Concepts of the Universe Topic: Big Bang Theory Overview of the Big Bang Theory empty - 1
Scientific Model: Cosmic Inflation and the Expanding Universe empty - 2
Evidence Supporting the Big Bang: Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, Redshift, and Galaxy Formation empty - 3
Alternative Theories to the Big Bang: Steady State Theory, Cyclic Models empty - 4
Topic: Biblical Concept of the Universe Creation in the Book of Genesis empty - 5
The Earth as the Center of the Universe empty - 6
Biblical Descriptions of the Cosmos empty - 7
Comparing the Biblical Concept with Modern Scientific Models empty - 8
Topic: The Multiverse Theory Overview of the Multiverse Concept empty - 9
Different Models of the Multiverse: Bubble, Parallel, Many-Worlds empty - 10
Scientific Model: Quantum Mechanics and the Many-Worlds Interpretation empty - 11
Philosophical Implications: Does the Multiverse Challenge Reality? empty - 12
Topic: Creationism vs. Evolution Creationism: A Religious Explanation for the Origins of the Universe empty - 13
Evolution: The Theory of Natural Selection and Genetic Drift empty - 14
Scientific Model: The Theory of Evolution (Darwinian Model, Modern Synthesis) empty - 15
Scientific Evidence for Evolution: Fossils, Genetics, and the Fossil Record empty - 16
The Ongoing Debate’s Influence on Education and Culture empty - 17
Topic: Unconventional Universe Theories Electric Universe Theory: A New Perspective on Cosmology empty - 18
Time Cube Theory: The Radical Concept of Time empty - 19
Simulation Hypothesis: Scientific Models of Reality (Computational Theory and Theoretical Physics) empty - 20
Extraterrestrial Intelligence and the Ancient Astronaut Theory: Scientific Exploration of Extraterrestrial Life empty - 21
Module: Introduction to Astronomy Topic: History of Astronomy Ancient astronomy: Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks empty - 22
The Copernican Revolution empty - 23
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion empty - 24
Newton’s Law of Gravitation empty - 25
20th-century breakthroughs: General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics empty - 26
Topic: Astronomical Instruments Telescopes: Optical, Radio, Space Telescopes empty - 27
Spectrometers and Detectors empty - 28
The Hubble Space Telescope empty - 29
The James Webb Space Telescope empty - 30
Interferometry and its applications empty - 31
Topic: Astronomical Units and Distances Astronomical Unit (AU) and its definition empty - 32
Light-years as a unit of distance empty - 33
Parsecs and their significance empty - 34
Measuring distances within the Solar System empty - 35
Techniques for measuring astronomical distances: Parallax, Cepheid Variables, Redshift empty - 36
Topic: Physics of Astronomy Newton’s Laws of Motion and Gravity empty - 37
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion empty - 38
Electromagnetic Spectrum and Light empty - 39
The Doppler Effect and Redshift empty - 40
Quantum Mechanics in Astrophysics empty - 41
Module: Celestial Bodies and Phenomena Topic: The Solar System The Sun: Structure, Energy Production, and Solar Wind empty - 42
The Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune empty - 43
Dwarf Planets and Moons empty - 44
Asteroids and Comets empty - 45
The Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud empty - 46
Topic: Stars and Stellar Evolution The Life Cycle of Stars empty - 47
Main Sequence Stars empty - 48
Red Giants, White Dwarfs, and Supernovae empty - 49
Black Holes and Neutron Stars empty - 50
Nuclear Fusion in Stars empty - 51
Topic: Galaxies and the Universe Types of Galaxies: Spiral, Elliptical, Irregular empty - 52
The Milky Way Galaxy empty - 53
Supermassive Black Holes at Galactic Centers empty - 54
Galaxy Clusters and Superclusters empty - 55
The Expanding Universe and Hubble’s Law empty - 56
Topic: Exoplanets and the Search for Life Detection Methods: Transit, Radial Velocity, Direct Imaging empty - 57
The Habitable Zone empty - 58
Exoplanet Atmospheres and Composition empty - 59
The Search for Life: SETI and Extraterrestrial Signals empty - 60
Exoplanet Exploration Missions empty - 61
Module: Cosmology Topic: The Big Bang Theory The Beginning of the Universe empty - 62
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation empty - 63
Inflationary Model empty - 64
Redshift and Expanding Universe empty - 65
The Fate of the Universe: Big Crunch, Big Freeze, Big Rip empty - 66
Topic: Dark Matter and Dark Energy What is Dark Matter? empty - 67
The Evidence for Dark Matter empty - 68
Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe empty - 69
Current Theories on Dark Matter and Dark Energy empty - 70
Their Role in the Structure and Evolution of the Universe empty - 71
Topic: The Structure of the Universe The Observable Universe empty - 72
Large Scale Structure: Filaments, Voids, and Superclusters empty - 73
The Cosmic Web empty - 74
Galaxy Formation and Evolution empty - 75
The Multiverse Theory empty - 76
Module: Philosophical and Religious Perspectives Topic: Philosophical Views on the Universe The Anthropic Principle and the Fine-Tuning of the Universe empty - 77
The Copernican Principle: Earth’s Place in the Universe empty - 78
Existentialism and the Search for Meaning in the Cosmos empty - 79
The Role of Consciousness in Observing the Universe empty - 80
Cosmology and the Nature of Reality empty - 81
Topic: Religious Views on the Universe Creationism and Intelligent Design empty - 82
The Biblical View of Creation empty - 83
Hindu Cosmology and Cycles of Creation empty - 84
Islamic Cosmology: The Qur’an and the Universe empty - 85
Indigenous Beliefs on Creation and the Cosmos empty - 86
Topic: The Role of Humans in the Universe Humanity’s Search for Purpose in the Cosmos empty - 87
Religious and Scientific Views on Human Evolution empty - 88
The Question of Intelligent Life Elsewhere empty - 89
The Ethics of Space Exploration empty - 90
Astrobiology and the Role of Earth in the Universe empty - 91
Module: Astrobiology Drake Equation and the Probability of Life empty - 92
Fermi Paradox and the Silence of the Universe empty - 93
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SETI and the Search for Alien Signals empty - 96
Topic: Mars and the Search for Life Mars Rovers and Discoveries empty - 97
Past Water on Mars empty - 98
Mars Missions: Past, Present, and Future empty - 99
The Possibility of Life on Mars empty - 100
Future of Mars Colonization empty - 101
Topic: Life on Moons and Exoplanets Europa and the Search for Life empty - 102
Enceladus: Ocean Worlds and Life Potential empty - 103
Exoplanets in the Habitable Zone empty - 104
The Search for Earth-like Planets empty - 105
The Role of Atmospheres in Supporting Life empty - 106
Module: Astronomical Phenomena Topic: Eclipses and Transits Solar Eclipses empty - 107
Lunar Eclipses empty - 108
The Saros Cycle empty - 109
Transits of Mercury and Venus empty - 110
Effects of Eclipses on Earth empty - 111
Topic: Meteor Showers Origins and Causes of Meteor Showers empty - 112
Famous Meteor Showers: Perseids, Geminids empty - 113
Meteorite Impacts and Earth’s History empty - 114
Observing Meteor Showers empty - 115
The Role of Meteorites in Solar System Evolution empty - 116
Topic: Auroras Northern and Southern Lights empty - 117
Solar Winds and the Magnetosphere empty - 118
Auroras on Other Planets empty - 119
The Science of Auroras empty - 120
Observing Auroras on Earth empty - 121
Topic: Gravitational Lensing Einstein’s Theory of Relativity and Lensing empty - 122
Types of Gravitational Lensing empty - 123
Applications of Gravitational Lensing in Astronomy empty - 124
Galaxy Clusters and the Use of Lensing empty - 125
Cosmological Implications of Gravitational Lensing empty - 126
Biology Module: Introduction to Biology Topic: What is Biology? Definition of Biology empty - 127
History of Biology empty - 128
Importance of Biology empty - 129
Topic: Branches of Biology Zoology empty - 130
Botany empty - 131
Microbiology empty - 132
Genetics empty - 133
Ecology empty - 134
Physiology empty - 135
Evolutionary Biology empty - 136
Topic: Scientific Method in Biology Observation and Hypothesis empty - 137
Experiments and Data Collection empty - 138
Analysis and Conclusion empty - 139
Theory vs Law empty - 140
Topic: Characteristics of Life Growth and Development empty - 141
Reproduction empty - 142
Metabolism empty - 143
Adaptation empty - 144
Response to Stimuli empty - 145
Homeostasis empty - 146
Topic: Levels of Biological Organization Molecule empty - 147
Cell empty - 148
Tissue empty - 149
Organ empty - 150
Organ System empty - 151
Organism empty - 152
Population empty - 153
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Ecosystem empty - 155
Biosphere empty - 156
Module: Cell Biology Topic: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells empty - 157
Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells empty - 158
Comparison Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells empty - 159
Topic: Cell Membrane and Transport Structure of the Cell Membrane empty - 160
Passive Transport (Diffusion, Osmosis) empty - 161
Active Transport empty - 162
Endocytosis and Exocytosis empty - 163
Topic: Organelles and Their Functions Nucleus empty - 164
Mitochondria empty - 165
Chloroplasts empty - 166
Endoplasmic Reticulum empty - 167
Golgi Apparatus empty - 168
Lysosomes empty - 169
Ribosomes empty - 170
Topic: Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis: Stages and Purpose empty - 171
Meiosis: Stages and Purpose empty - 172
Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis empty - 173
Topic: The Cell Cycle Interphase empty - 174
M Phase (Mitosis and Cytokinesis) empty - 175
Regulation of the Cell Cycle empty - 176
Topic: Apoptosis and Cell Death Programmed Cell Death empty - 177
Apoptosis vs Necrosis empty - 178
Importance of Apoptosis in Development empty - 179
Module: Genetics Topic: DNA Structure and Function Structure of DNA empty - 180
Replication of DNA empty - 181
Functions of DNA empty - 182
Topic: Genes and Alleles What is a Gene? empty - 183
Alleles and Their Variants empty - 184
Dominant and Recessive Traits empty - 185
Topic: Mendelian Inheritance Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance empty - 186
Punnett Squares empty - 187
Genotype vs Phenotype empty - 188
Topic: Genetic Mutation and Variability Types of Mutations empty - 189
Causes of Mutations empty - 190
Effects of Mutations on Organisms empty - 191
Topic: Chromosomes and Genetic Disorders Structure and Function of Chromosomes empty - 192
Autosomes vs Sex Chromosomes empty - 193
Common Genetic Disorders (Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, etc.) empty - 194
Topic: Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Gene Cloning empty - 195
CRISPR and Gene Editing empty - 196
Applications in Medicine, Agriculture, and Industry empty - 197
Topic: Genomics and Human Genome Project The Human Genome empty - 198
Sequencing Technology empty - 199
Ethical Implications of Genomics empty - 200
Module: Evolution Topic: Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection empty - 201
Adaptation and Survival of the Fittest empty - 202
Fitness and Reproductive Success empty - 203
Topic: Darwin’s Contribution Voyage on the HMS Beagle empty - 204
Key Ideas in the Origin of Species empty - 205
The Impact of Darwin on Science empty - 206
Topic: Speciation and Adaptation Allopatric vs Sympatric Speciation empty - 207
Natural vs Sexual Selection empty - 208
Adaptive Radiation empty - 209
Topic: Evolutionary Evidence Fossil Evidence empty - 210
Comparative Anatomy empty - 211
Embryology empty - 212
Molecular Evidence (DNA, Proteins) empty - 213
Topic: Genetic Drift and Gene Flow The Role of Genetic Drift empty - 214
Bottleneck Effect empty - 215
Founder Effect empty - 216
Gene Flow and Migration empty - 217
Topic: Co-evolution and Symbiosis Co-evolution of Species empty - 218
Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism empty - 219
Topic: Human Evolution The Evolutionary Tree of Humans empty - 220
Hominid Fossils and Archaeological Evidence empty - 221
The Evolution of Bipedalism, Brain Size, and Tool Use empty - 222
Module: Ecology Topic: Levels of Ecological Organization Individual Organisms empty - 223
Populations empty - 224
Communities empty - 225
Ecosystems empty - 226
Biomes empty - 227
Biosphere empty - 228
Topic: Ecosystems and Biomes What is an Ecosystem? empty - 229
Types of Ecosystems (Forest, Desert, Aquatic, etc.) empty - 230
Biome Characteristics and Climate empty - 231
Topic: Energy Flow and Trophic Levels Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers empty - 232
Food Chains and Food Webs empty - 233
Energy Transfer in Ecosystems empty - 234
Topic: Nutrient Cycles Carbon Cycle empty - 235
Nitrogen Cycle empty - 236
Phosphorus Cycle empty - 237
Water Cycle empty - 238
Topic: Population Ecology Population Growth Models empty - 239
Carrying Capacity empty - 240
Density-Dependent and Independent Factors empty - 241
Competition, Predation, and Parasitism empty - 242
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Topic: Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Biodiversity Hotspots empty - 245
Conservation Methods empty - 246
Threats to Biodiversity (Habitat Destruction, Overhunting) empty - 247
Topic: Climate Change and Human Impact on Ecosystems Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect empty - 248
Deforestation and Habitat Loss empty - 249
Pollution and Its Effects empty - 250
Module: Physiology Topic: Homeostasis and Feedback Systems Negative and Positive Feedback empty - 251
Homeostatic Mechanisms in the Body empty - 252
Temperature Regulation empty - 253
Topic: Human Circulatory System Heart Anatomy and Function empty - 254
Blood Vessels empty - 255
Blood Circulation: Systemic and Pulmonary Circuits empty - 256
Topic: Respiratory System Structure of the Respiratory System empty - 257
Gas Exchange and Transport empty - 258
Breathing Mechanism empty - 259
Topic: Digestive System Digestive Organs and Their Functions empty - 260
Absorption of Nutrients empty - 261
Chemistry Module: Atomic Structure Topic: Fundamentals of Atoms Structure of the atom empty - 262
Protons, neutrons, and electrons empty - 263
Isotopes and ions empty - 264
Atomic number and mass number empty - 265
Topic: Electronic Configuration Electron shells, subshells, and orbitals empty - 266
Aufbau principle empty - 267
Pauli exclusion principle empty - 268
Hund’s rule empty - 269
Topic: Periodic Trends Periodic table organization empty - 270
Trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity empty - 271
Valence electrons empty - 272
Module: Chemical Bonding Topic: Types of Bonds Ionic bonds empty - 273
Covalent bonds empty - 274
Metallic bonds empty - 275
Hydrogen bonding empty - 276
Topic: Molecular Geometry Lewis structures empty - 277
VSEPR theory empty - 278
Polarity of molecules empty - 279
Topic: Intermolecular Forces Dipole-dipole interactions empty - 280
London dispersion forces empty - 281
Hydrogen bonding empty - 282
Module: Stoichiometry Topic: Chemical Equations Balancing chemical equations empty - 283
Reactants and products empty - 284
Limiting reagents empty - 285
Topic: Mole Concept Molar mass and molecular weight empty - 286
Avogadro’s number empty - 287
Mole-to-mole conversions empty - 288
Topic: Solution Stoichiometry Molarity and molality empty - 289
Dilutions empty - 290
Titrations empty - 291
Module: States of Matter Topic: Gases Gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s, Avogadro’s) empty - 292
Ideal gas law empty - 293
Kinetic molecular theory empty - 294
Topic: Liquids and Solids Properties of liquids (viscosity, surface tension) empty - 295
Types of solids (crystalline, amorphous) empty - 296
Phase transitions (melting, boiling, sublimation) empty - 297
Topic: Phase Diagrams Triple point and critical point empty - 298
Interpreting phase diagrams empty - 299
Module: Thermochemistry Topic: Energy in Reactions Endothermic and exothermic reactions empty - 300
Enthalpy changes empty - 301
Calorimetry empty - 302
Topic: Laws of Thermodynamics First law of thermodynamics empty - 303
Hess’s law empty - 304
Standard enthalpy of formation empty - 305
Topic: Entropy and Free Energy Entropy changes empty - 306
Gibbs free energy empty - 307
Spontaneity of reactions empty - 308
Module: Chemical Kinetics Topic: Reaction Rates Factors affecting rates (temperature, concentration, surface area) empty - 309
Rate laws and rate constants empty - 310
Collision theory empty - 311
Topic: Catalysis Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts empty - 312
Enzyme catalysis empty - 313
Activation energy empty - 314
Module: Chemical Equilibrium Topic: Dynamic Equilibrium Reversible reactions empty - 315
Equilibrium constants (Kc, Kp) empty - 316
Le Chatelier’s principle empty - 317
Topic: Acid-Base Equilibria pH and pOH scales empty - 318
Strong and weak acids and bases empty - 319
Buffer solutions empty - 320
Topic: Solubility Equilibria Solubility product constant (Ksp) empty - 321
Common ion effect empty - 322
Precipitation reactions empty - 323
Module: Electrochemistry Topic: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Balancing redox equations empty - 324
Oxidizing and reducing agents empty - 325
Half-reactions empty - 326
Topic: Electrochemical Cells Galvanic (voltaic) cells empty - 327
Standard electrode potentials empty - 328
Electrolytic cells empty - 329
Topic: Applications Batteries and fuel cells empty - 330
Electroplating empty - 331
Corrosion empty - 332
Module: Organic Chemistry Topic: Hydrocarbons Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes empty - 333
Aromatic compounds empty - 334
Isomerism empty - 335
Topic: Functional Groups Alcohols, ethers, and aldehydes empty - 336
Ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters empty - 337
Amines and amides empty - 338
Topic: Reactions Addition, substitution, and elimination reactions empty - 339
Oxidation and reduction in organic chemistry empty - 340
Polymerization empty - 341
Geography Module: Physical Geography Topic: Landforms and Geomorphology Mountains and mountain ranges empty - 342
Rivers and valleys empty - 343
Deserts and arid landscapes empty - 344
Glaciers and ice fields empty - 345
Volcanic formations and lava plains empty - 346
Coastal landforms and erosion empty - 347
Topic: Climatology Weather and climate systems empty - 348
Climatic zones (tropical, temperate, polar, etc.) empty - 349
Global climate change and its impacts empty - 350
El Niño and La Niña phenomena empty - 351
Climate modeling and forecasting empty - 352
Topic: Biogeography Distribution of ecosystems and biomes empty - 353
Endemic species and biodiversity hotspots empty - 354
Impact of climate on ecosystems empty - 355
Human influence on biodiversity empty - 356
Conservation and preservation strategies empty - 357
Topic: Hydrology Water cycle (evaporation, precipitation, condensation) empty - 358
River systems and watersheds empty - 359
Oceans, seas, and coastlines empty - 360
Groundwater and aquifers empty - 361
Water scarcity and management empty - 362
Topic: Soil Geography Soil formation processes empty - 363
Soil types and classifications empty - 364
Soil degradation and erosion empty - 365
Agricultural use and soil fertility empty - 366
Soil conservation techniques empty - 367
Topic: Natural Hazards Earthquakes and tectonic activity empty - 368
Volcanic eruptions empty - 369
Floods and storm surges empty - 370
Tsunamis and oceanic hazards empty - 371
Landslides and avalanches empty - 372
Module: Human Geography Topic: Cultural Geography Cultural landscapes and heritage empty - 373
Language and linguistic diversity empty - 374
Religion and its geographic distribution empty - 375
Traditions, customs, and rituals empty - 376
Globalization and cultural homogenization empty - 377
Topic: Economic Geography Agriculture and food production systems empty - 378
Industry and manufacturing sectors empty - 379
Global trade networks and supply chains empty - 380
Natural resource distribution and exploitation empty - 381
Tourism and its economic impacts empty - 382
Topic: Political Geography State formation and territoriality empty - 383
Political borders and their impacts empty - 384
Geopolitical conflicts and disputes empty - 385
International organizations and agreements empty - 386
Voting systems and electoral geography empty - 387
Topic: Urban Geography Urbanization trends and processes empty - 388
City planning and design empty - 389
Suburbanization and the growth of cities empty - 390
Urban sprawl and environmental challenges empty - 391
Social inequalities in urban areas empty - 392
Topic: Population Geography Population growth and migration trends empty - 393
Demographic transition model empty - 394
Population density and distribution empty - 395
Urban vs. rural population dynamics empty - 396
Impact of migration on global politics empty - 397
Module: Geographical Methods Topic: Cartography Map types and uses empty - 398
Scale, projection, and distortion empty - 399
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) empty - 400
Remote sensing and satellite imagery empty - 401
Topographic and thematic maps empty - 402
Topic: Fieldwork and Data Collection Sampling methods empty - 403
Survey techniques empty - 404
Environmental monitoring empty - 405
Data interpretation and analysis empty - 406
Field surveys and case studies empty - 407
Topic: Geospatial Technology Geospatial software and tools empty - 408
Global Positioning System (GPS) empty - 409
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) empty - 410
Remote sensing empty - 411
Spatial analysis and mapping techniques empty - 412
Topic: Geostatistics Statistical methods in geography empty - 413
Data visualization empty - 414
Spatial patterns and relationships empty - 415
Geographical sampling methods empty - 416
Risk analysis and forecasting empty - 417
Module: Environmental Geography Topic: Sustainable Development Environmental sustainability empty - 418
Renewable energy sources empty - 419
Climate change mitigation empty - 420
Sustainable agriculture and food systems empty - 421
Ecological footprint and carbon footprint empty - 422
Topic: Conservation Geography Protected areas and wildlife reserves empty - 423
Biodiversity conservation efforts empty - 424
Habitat restoration empty - 425
Threatened ecosystems and species empty - 426
Conservation policies and governance empty - 427
Topic: Environmental Hazards Pollution and its environmental impacts empty - 428
Climate change and global warming empty - 429
Deforestation and land degradation empty - 430
Urban environmental challenges empty - 431
Sustainable management of natural resources empty - 432
History Module: Theories of Earth’s Origins Topic: Scientific Theories Big Bang Theory and the formation of the universe empty - 433
Planetary accretion and Earth’s formation empty - 434
Primordial soup theory and abiogenesis empty - 435
Hydrothermal vent theory empty - 436
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Topic: Religious Theories Biblical Creationism empty - 438
Intelligent design empty - 439
Hindu cosmology and cycles of creation empty - 440
Islamic empty - 441
Topic: Philosophical Theories Aristotle’s eternal universe theory empty - 442
Kant’s nebular hypothesis empty - 443
The Anthropic Principle and the role of observers empty - 444
Existential questions about purpose and randomness empty - 445
Topic: Ancient Creation Myths Greek mythology: Gaia and Uranus empty - 446
Norse mythology: Ymir and the creation of the world empty - 447
Egyptian mythology: Atum and the primordial waters empty - 448
Mesopotamian myths: Enuma Elish and Marduk empty - 449
Indigenous creation myths (e.g., Native American, African, Aboriginal) empty - 450
Topic: Indigenous and Cultural Myths Native American creation stories (e.g., Turtle Island) empty - 451
African creation myths (e.g., Bumba the creator god) empty - 452
Aboriginal Dreamtime and the shaping of the land empty - 453
Polynesian myths of Tane and the Sky Father empty - 454
Topic: Symbolism and Meaning in Myths Interpreting myths as allegories for natural phenomena empty - 455
Cultural values embedded in creation myths empty - 456
Comparing global myths for common themes empty - 457
Module: Prehistoric History Topic: Human Evolution Australopithecus and early hominins empty - 458
Homo habilis and tool use empty - 459
Homo erectus and migration empty - 460
Neanderthals and Denisovans empty - 461
Homo sapiens and the cognitive revolution empty - 462
Topic: Paleolithic Era Hunter-gatherer societies empty - 463
Development of tools and fire empty - 464
Cave art and symbolic communication empty - 465
Megafauna and human survival empty - 466
Topic: Neolithic Revolution Agricultural development empty - 467
Domestication of animals empty - 468
Settlements and villages empty - 469
Pottery, weaving, and megalithic structures empty - 470
Topic: Bronze and Iron Ages Early metallurgy and trade empty - 471
Emergence of city-states empty - 472
Military advancements empty - 473
Cultural and economic shifts empty - 474
Module: Ancient Civilizations Topic: Mesopotamian Civilization Sumerians and writing empty - 475
Babylonian Empire and Hammurabi’s Code empty - 476
Assyrian military innovations empty - 477
Ziggurats and religion empty - 478
Topic: Egyptian Civilization Pharaohs and dynasties empty - 479
Pyramids and their construction empty - 480
Religious beliefs and afterlife empty - 481
Contributions to math and medicine empty - 482
Topic: Indus Valley Civilization Urban planning and drainage empty - 483
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro empty - 484
Trade and agriculture empty - 485
Decline of the civilization empty - 486
Topic: Chinese Dynasties Shang and Zhou dynasties empty - 487
Confucianism and Taoism empty - 488
The Great Wall empty - 489
Inventions: gunpowder, paper empty - 490
Topic: Mesoamerican Cultures Olmecs, Maya, Aztec, and Inca empty - 491
Cultural achievements empty - 492
Declines of civilizations empty - 493
Topic: African Civilizations Kush, Carthage, and Great Zimbabwe empty - 494
Mali and Songhai Empires empty - 495
Trade routes across the Sahara empty - 496
Module: Biblical History Topic: Old Testament Origins Creation narrative: Genesis empty - 497
The Fall of Man and the consequences empty - 498
The Great Flood and Noah’s Covenant empty - 499
The Tower of Babel and language diversification empty - 500
Topic: Patriarchs and the Covenant Abraham: the call and covenant empty - 501
Isaac and the continuation of the covenant empty - 502
Jacob and the Twelve Tribes of Israel empty - 503
Joseph’s journey and the move to Egypt empty - 504
Topic: Exodus and Wilderness Moses: birth, call, and mission empty - 505
The Ten Plagues of Egypt empty - 506
The Exodus from Egypt and crossing the Red Sea empty - 507
The Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai empty - 508
Wandering in the desert for 40 years empty - 509
Topic: Conquest and Settlement Joshua’s leadership and the conquest of Canaan empty - 510
The period of the Judges empty - 511
Key figures: Deborah, Gideon, Samson empty - 512
The establishment of the monarchy empty - 513
Topic: United Monarchy Saul: the first king of Israel empty - 514
David: the unification and capital in Jerusalem empty - 515
Solomon: the building of the First Temple empty - 516
Wisdom literature: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes empty - 517
Topic: Divided Kingdom and Prophets Kingdom splits: Israel (Northern) and Judah (Southern) empty - 518
Elijah and the prophets of Baal empty - 519
Isaiah’s prophecies regarding Judah empty - 520
Jeremiah and the call for repentance empty - 521
Topic: Exile and Return The Babylonian Exile empty - 522
Ezekiel’s visions empty - 523
Daniel in Babylon empty - 524
Return under Ezra and Nehemiah empty - 525
Rebuilding of the Temple and Jerusalem’s walls empty - 526
Topic: New Testament Beginnings The birth and early life of Jesus empty - 527
Jesus’ baptism by John the Baptist empty - 528
The ministry, miracles, and teachings of Jesus empty - 529
The parables and their significance empty - 530
Topic: The Passion and Resurrection The Last Supper and betrayal by Judas empty - 531
The Crucifixion and significance for salvation empty - 532
The Resurrection and appearances to disciples empty - 533
The Ascension of Jesus empty - 534
Topic: Formation of the Early Church Pentecost and the coming of the Holy Spirit empty - 535
Paul’s missionary journeys empty - 536
The Council of Jerusalem empty - 537
Persecutions and spread of Christianity empty - 538
Topic: Biblical Texts and Cultural Impact Development and canonization of the Bible empty - 539
Translation efforts (Septuagint, Vulgate, King James Version) empty - 540
Influence of the Bible on Western culture and ethics empty - 541
Intersections with art, literature, and social movements empty - 542
Module: Classical Antiquity Topic: Greek Civilization Athens and Sparta empty - 543
Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle empty - 544
Greek mythology empty - 545
The Peloponnesian War empty - 546
Topic: Roman Civilization The Republic and its fall empty - 547
Roman Empire and Pax Romana empty - 548
Julius Caesar and Augustus empty - 549
Engineering and architecture empty - 550
Topic: Persian Empire Achaemenid dynasty empty - 551
Cyrus the Great empty - 552
Persian Wars empty - 553
Zoroastrianism empty - 554
Topic: Ancient India Maurya and Gupta Empires empty - 555
Buddhism and Hinduism empty - 556
Impact of trade empty - 557
Module: Medieval History Topic: Feudalism Structure of medieval society empty - 558
Manorialism empty - 559
Knights and chivalry empty - 560
Decline of feudalism empty - 561
Topic: The Byzantine Empire Constantinople and its defenses empty - 562
Justinian’s Code empty - 563
Religious schism: Eastern Orthodoxy empty - 564
Fall of Constantinople empty - 565
Topic: Islamic Golden Age Advancements in science and medicine empty - 566
Preservation of classical texts empty - 567
Architecture and cultural diffusion empty - 568
Topic: The Crusades Causes and key battles empty - 569
Cultural exchanges empty - 570
Impact on Europe and the Middle East empty - 571
Topic: Medieval Africa Mali Empire and Mansa Musa empty - 572
Trans-Saharan trade empty - 573
Cultural contributions empty - 574
Topic: The Black Death Origins and spread empty - 575
Impact on society empty - 576
Effects on religion empty - 577
Module: Modern History Topic: Renaissance Humanism and classical revival empty - 578
Art and architecture empty - 579
Printing press and its impact empty - 580
Topic: Industrial Revolution Steam engine and technology empty - 581
Urbanization empty - 582
Social impacts empty - 583
Topic: World Wars Causes and outcomes of WWI and WWII empty - 584
Geopolitical shifts empty - 585
Impact on societies empty - 586
Topic: Decolonization Movements in Africa and Asia empty - 587
Emergence of new nations empty - 588
Module: Contemporary History Topic: Globalization Economic integration empty - 589
Technological advancements empty - 590
Cultural exchanges empty - 591
Topic: Environmental History Climate change empty - 592
Conservation efforts empty - 593
Topic: Technology and Society Impact of the internet empty - 594
Healthcare advancements empty - 595
Social media empty - 596
Topic: Political Movements Civil rights movements empty - 597
Anti-colonialism and independence struggles empty - 598
Workers’ rights and labor unions empty - 599
Populism and modern ideologies empty - 600
Module: Brazil’s History Topic: Pre-Colonial Era Indigenous peoples and cultures: Tupi, Guarani, and others empty - 601
Pre-Colonial trade and settlements empty - 602
Archaeological evidence and early societies empty - 603
Topic: Colonial Brazil (1500-1822) Arrival of the Portuguese: Pedro Álvares Cabral empty - 604
Sugarcane economy and the Atlantic Slave Trade empty - 605
Colonial administration and Captaincy system empty - 606
Dutch and French invasions empty - 607
Gold Rush in Minas Gerais empty - 608
Indigenous resistance and European alliances empty - 609
Topic: Independence and Empire (1822-1889) Dom Pedro I and the proclamation of independence empty - 610
Constitutional monarchy and political developments empty - 611
Economic shifts: coffee plantations and urbanization empty - 612
Abolition of slavery (1888) empty - 613
Fall of the monarchy and the proclamation of the republic empty - 614
Topic: Old Republic and Vargas Era (1889-1954) Economic challenges and the Coffee with Milk politics empty - 615
Industrialization and modernization under Getúlio Vargas empty - 616
Rise of populism and the Estado Novo period empty - 617
Women’s suffrage and social reforms empty - 618
Topic: Military Dictatorship (1964-1985) Coup d’état and the rise of the military regime empty - 619
Economic boom: the Brazilian Miracle empty - 620
Censorship, repression, and resistance movements empty - 621
Amnesty Law and transition to democracy empty - 622
Topic: Democracy and Modern Brazil (1985-2000) New Constitution of 1988 empty - 623
Social and economic challenges: inflation and poverty empty - 624
First direct elections and the Plano Real empty - 625
Fernando Henrique Cardoso: economic stabilization and privatization empty - 626
Topic: Contemporary Brazil (2001-Present) Lula da Silva’s Presidency (2003-2010): economic growth, Bolsa Família, and Brazil’s global prominence empty - 627
Dilma Rousseff’s Presidency (2011-2016): political scandals, economic crisis, and impeachment empty - 628
Michel Temer’s Presidency (2016-2018): post-impeachment reforms and challenges empty - 629
Jair Bolsonaro’s Presidency (2019-2022): polarizing politics, pandemic response, and environmental debates empty - 630
Return of Lula da Silva (2023-Present): political reconciliation, climate agenda, and international relations empty - 631
Topic: Cultural Contributions Indigenous influence on Brazilian culture empty - 632
Development of samba, bossa nova, and Brazilian literature empty - 633
empty - 634
Carnival and other iconic celebrations empty - 635
Module: European Countries Topic: Western Europe United Kingdom: monarchy, industrial revolution, Brexit empty - 636
France: revolution, colonial history, cultural influence empty - 637
Germany: unification, World Wars, EU leadership empty - 638
Spain: colonial empire, Franco’s rule, modern politics empty - 639
Italy: Roman Empire, Renaissance, unification empty - 640
Topic: Eastern Europe Russia: Tsarist rule, Soviet era, modern geopolitics empty - 641
Poland: partitions, WWII, Solidarity movement empty - 642
Ukraine: history of independence and conflicts empty - 643
Balkans: Ottoman influence, Yugoslav wars, EU integration empty - 644
Baltic states: independence from USSR, cultural identity empty - 645
Topic: Northern and Southern Europe Scandinavia: Vikings, welfare states, environmental leadership empty - 646
Greece: Ancient civilization, Ottoman rule, modern crises empty - 647
Portugal: Age of Exploration, colonial legacy, economic recovery empty - 648
Ireland: Celtic roots, British rule, independence struggles empty - 649
Module: African Countries Topic: North Africa Egypt: Ancient civilization, Islamic influence, modern challenges empty - 650
Morocco: Berber culture, colonial past, modern monarchy empty - 651
Libya: Italian colonization, Gaddafi’s rule, post-Arab Spring empty - 652
Topic: Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa: Apartheid, Mandela, post-apartheid era empty - 653
Nigeria: oil economy, colonial past, ethnic diversity empty - 654
Kenya: independence struggle, wildlife tourism, modern economy empty - 655
Ethiopia: ancient empire, resistance to colonization, modern development empty - 656
Topic: West and Central Africa Ghana: Gold Coast, independence under Kwame Nkrumah empty - 657
DR Congo: Belgian rule, Mobutu’s regime, current challenges empty - 658
Senegal: cultural heritage and post-colonial politics empty - 659
Module: Asian Countries Topic: South Asia India: ancient civilization, British rule, modern powerhouse empty - 660
Pakistan: partition, regional conflicts, modern development empty - 661
Sri Lanka: colonial history, civil war, peace process empty - 662
Topic: East Asia China: dynastic history, Communist rise, global superpower empty - 663
Japan: feudal era, modernization, post-WWII recovery empty - 664
Korea: division, cultural renaissance, economic growth empty - 665
Topic: Southeast Asia and Central Asia Vietnam: French colonization, Vietnam War, economic growth empty - 666
Indonesia: Dutch rule, independence movement, cultural diversity empty - 667
Kazakhstan: Silk Road heritage, post-Soviet transition empty - 668
Module: American Countries Topic: North America United States: revolution, industrialization, global influence empty - 669
Canada: indigenous history, French and British colonization empty - 670
Mexico: Aztec heritage, Spanish rule, modern identity empty - 671
Topic: Central America Guatemala: Mayan civilization, civil war, modern recovery empty - 672
Panama: Canal history, U.S. influence, modern economy empty - 673
Costa Rica: democracy, eco-tourism, regional stability empty - 674
Topic: South America Argentina: colonial past, Peronism, economic crises empty - 675
Chile: Pinochet era, democratic transition, modern economy empty - 676
Colombia: coffee trade, FARC conflict, peace processes empty - 677
Module: Middle Eastern Countries Topic: Historical Civilizations Mesopotamia: cradle of civilization empty - 678
Persian Empire: rise, influence, and legacy empty - 679
Ottoman Empire: regional dominance and collapse empty - 680
Topic: Modern Middle East Israel and Palestine: conflict and peace efforts empty - 681
Saudi Arabia: oil wealth, monarchy, modernization empty - 682
Iran: Islamic Revolution, nuclear program, regional role empty - 683
Module: Antarctica Topic: Geography and Environment Unique ecosystem and biodiversity empty - 684
Impact of climate change empty - 685
Scientific exploration and research empty - 686
Topic: International Governance Antarctic Treaty System empty - 687
Territorial claims and conflicts empty - 688
Conservation and sustainable use empty - 689
Mathematics Module: Number Sense Topic: Counting and Properties Natural numbers, integers, and rational numbers empty - 690
Odd and even numbers empty - 691
Prime and composite numbers empty - 692
Factors, multiples, and divisibility rules empty - 693
Place value and positional systems empty - 694
Topic: Operations Addition and subtraction (with regrouping) empty - 695
Multiplication and division (long and short methods) empty - 696
Order of operations (PEMDAS/BODMAS) empty - 697
Properties of operations (commutative, associative, distributive) empty - 698
Topic: Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages Simplifying and comparing fractions empty - 699
Converting between fractions, decimals, and percentages empty - 700
Operations with fractions and decimals empty - 701
Percentage increase, decrease, and real-life applications empty - 702
Topic: Ratios and Proportions Understanding ratios empty - 703
Solving proportions and scaling empty - 704
Direct and inverse variation empty - 705
Module: Geometry Topic: Basic Concepts and Definitions Points, lines, and planes empty - 706
Angles (acute, obtuse, right) empty - 707
Measuring and constructing angles empty - 708
Intersection and parallelism empty - 709
Topic: Polygons and Shapes Triangles (properties, classifications) empty - 710
Quadrilaterals (types and characteristics) empty - 711
Circles (radius, diameter, chords, arcs, and sectors) empty - 712
Regular polygons and their properties empty - 713
Topic: Measurement and Dimensions Perimeter and area of polygons empty - 714
Circumference and area of circles empty - 715
Surface area and volume of 3D shapes (prisms, cylinders, pyramids, cones, spheres) empty - 716
Applications in real-world contexts (e.g., construction) empty - 717
Topic: Transformations and Isometries Translations, rotations, and reflections empty - 718
Glide reflections empty - 719
Compositions of transformations empty - 720
Symmetry and tessellations empty - 721
Coordinate transformations and fixed points empty - 722
Topic: Analytic Geometry Distance and midpoint formulas empty - 723
Equations of lines (slope-intercept, standard, and point-slope forms) empty - 724
Intersection of lines and circles empty - 725
Parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas (basic equations) empty - 726
Module: Algebra Topic: Basic Algebra Simplifying expressions (using properties of operations) empty - 727
Solving linear equations and inequalities empty - 728
Graphing linear functions and inequalities empty - 729
Word problems involving algebra empty - 730
Topic: Polynomials Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division empty - 731
Factoring techniques (GCF, trinomials, difference of squares) empty - 732
Roots and zeroes of polynomials empty - 733
Long and synthetic division empty - 734
Topic: Exponentiation and Powers Laws of exponents (product, quotient, power rules) empty - 735
Negative and fractional exponents empty - 736
Scientific notation and applications empty - 737
Logarithms (basics and properties) empty - 738
Topic: Quadratic Functions Graphing quadratics (vertex form, standard form) empty - 739
Solving quadratics (factoring, completing the square, quadratic formula) empty - 740
Applications of quadratic equations (projectile motion, area problems) empty - 741
Module: Trigonometry Topic: Trigonometric Ratios and Functions Sine, cosine, tangent (basic definitions) empty - 742
Reciprocal trigonometric functions (secant, cosecant, cotangent) empty - 743
Applications in right triangles empty - 744
Topic: Unit Circle and Radian Measure Unit circle and angles (degrees and radians) empty - 745
Trigonometric values at key angles empty - 746
Graphing sine, cosine, and tangent functions empty - 747
Topic: Laws and Applications Law of Sines and Law of Cosines empty - 748
Solving triangles (ambiguous case for SSA) empty - 749
Applications in real-world problems (e.g., navigation) empty - 750
Module: Statistics and Probability Topic: Descriptive Statistics Mean, median, mode, and range empty - 751
Variance and standard deviation empty - 752
Histogram and box plots empty - 753
Topic: Probability Simple probability (events, sample space) empty - 754
Compound events (independent and dependent) empty - 755
Permutations and combinations empty - 756
Topic: Data Analysis Interpreting scatterplots and correlations empty - 757
Regression analysis empty - 758
Probability distributions (normal, binomial, Poisson) empty - 759
Module: Calculus Topic: Limits and Continuity Understanding limits (graphical and analytical) empty - 760
Continuity of functions empty - 761
Asymptotes and end behavior empty - 762
Topic: Differentiation Basic derivative rules (power, product, quotient, chain) empty - 763
Tangent lines and rates of change empty - 764
Applications (optimization, motion problems) empty - 765
Topic: Integration Definite and indefinite integrals empty - 766
Basic techniques of integration (substitution, parts) empty - 767
Applications of integrals (area under a curve, volume of solids) empty - 768
Module: Discrete Mathematics Topic: Logic and Set Theory Propositional logic and truth tables empty - 769
Set operations and Venn diagrams empty - 770
Basic proofs (inductive and deductive reasoning) empty - 771
Topic: Graph Theory Vertices, edges, and degrees empty - 772
Trees and spanning trees empty - 773
Eulerian and Hamiltonian paths empty - 774
Topic: Combinatorics Fundamental counting principle empty - 775
Permutations and combinations empty - 776
Pigeonhole principle empty - 777
Philosophy Module: Introduction to Philosophy Topic: What is Philosophy? Definition and Scope of Philosophy empty - 778
Branches of Philosophy: Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics, Logic empty - 779
The Role of Philosophy in Everyday Life empty - 780
Philosophy vs. Science vs. Religion empty - 781
Topic: Ancient Philosophy Pre-Socratic Philosophers empty - 782
Socrates: The Socratic Method empty - 783
Plato: Theory of Forms empty - 784
Aristotle: Ethics and Politics empty - 785
Stoicism and Epicureanism empty - 786
Topic: Modern Philosophy René Descartes: Cogito, ergo sum empty - 787
John Locke: Empiricism and the Tabula Rasa empty - 788
Immanuel Kant: Transcendental Idealism empty - 789
David Hume: Skepticism and Empiricism empty - 790
Friedrich Nietzsche: Will to Power and Nihilism empty - 791
Topic: Ethics Normative Ethics: Deontology, Consequentialism, Virtue Ethics empty - 792
Moral Relativism vs. Moral Absolutism empty - 793
Utilitarianism: The Greatest Happiness Principle empty - 794
Ethics in Business and Politics empty - 795
Applied Ethics: Environmental Ethics, Medical Ethics empty - 796
Topic: Political Philosophy The Social Contract: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau empty - 797
Democracy vs. Authoritarianism empty - 798
Justice and Equality empty - 799
Theories of Property and Ownership empty - 800
Philosophy of Law and Political Systems empty - 801
Topic: Epistemology Theories of Knowledge: Empiricism, Rationalism, Constructivism empty - 802
Justification and Belief empty - 803
Skepticism: Can We Know Anything for Certain? empty - 804
The Problem of Induction empty - 805
The Nature of Truth empty - 806
Topic: Metaphysics Existence and Reality: What is Real? empty - 807
Free Will vs. Determinism empty - 808
The Mind-Body Problem empty - 809
Identity and Change empty - 810
Time, Space, and Causality empty - 811
Topic: Logic Deductive and Inductive Reasoning empty - 812
Logical Fallacies empty - 813
The Structure of Arguments empty - 814
Propositional and Predicate Logic empty - 815
Formal and Informal Logic empty - 816
Topic: Philosophy of Mind Consciousness and Self-Awareness empty - 817
The Problem of Other Minds empty - 818
Artificial Intelligence and the Mind empty - 819
Philosophical Theories of the Mind: Dualism, Physicalism empty - 820
The Hard Problem of Consciousness empty - 821
Module: Philosophy Around the World Topic: Western Philosophy Ancient Greek Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle empty - 822
Roman Philosophy: Stoicism and Epicureanism empty - 823
Medieval Philosophy: Augustine, Aquinas, and Scholasticism empty - 824
Modern Western Philosophy: Descartes, Kant, Hegel empty - 825
Contemporary Western Philosophy: Existentialism, Postmodernism empty - 826
Topic: Eastern Philosophy Confucianism: Ethics and Social Harmony empty - 827
Taoism: The Way and the Tao empty - 828
Buddhism: The Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path empty - 829
Hindu Philosophy: Vedanta, Yoga, and Karma empty - 830
Indian Philosophy: Jainism and Sikhism empty - 831
Topic: Islamic Philosophy Al-Farabi and the Islamic Golden Age empty - 832
Avicenna (Ibn Sina): The Philosopher of the Soul empty - 833
Averroes (Ibn Rushd): The Harmony of Philosophy and Religion empty - 834
Sufism: Mysticism in Islamic Thought empty - 835
Philosophy and Theology in Islam empty - 836
Topic: African Philosophy Ubuntu: The Philosophy of Shared Humanity empty - 837
Negritude Movement: Identity and African Cultural Renaissance empty - 838
Philosophy of Kwame Nkrumah and Pan-Africanism empty - 839
Ethics and Morality in African Thought empty - 840
Philosophy in the Context of Colonialism and Liberation empty - 841
Topic: Latin American Philosophy Philosophy in the Colonial Period empty - 842
Latin American Liberation Philosophy empty - 843
José Martí and the Philosophy of Independence empty - 844
The Philosophy of Buen Vivir empty - 845
Contemporary Philosophy in Latin America empty - 846
Module: Types of Philosophy Topic: Christian Philosophy The Existence of God: Arguments for and Against empty - 847
The Problem of Evil empty - 848
Faith and Reason empty - 849
Philosophy of Religion: Thomas Aquinas and Augustine empty - 850
The Concept of the Soul in Christian Thought empty - 851
Topic: Epicureanism The Pursuit of Happiness and Pleasure empty - 852
Epicurus: Philosophy of Simple Living empty - 853
Ataraxia: Achieving Tranquility empty - 854
The Nature of the Gods in Epicurean Thought empty - 855
Ethics of Self-Sufficiency and Friendship empty - 856
Topic: Cynicism The Life of Diogenes empty - 857
Cynicism vs. Stoicism empty - 858
Rejection of Conventional Society and Norms empty - 859
Living in Accordance with Nature empty - 860
Cynicism’s Influence on Modern Countercultures empty - 861
Topic: Stoicism Foundations of Stoicism: Zeno of Citium empty - 862
The Stoic Virtues: Wisdom, Courage, Justice, Temperance empty - 863
The Dichotomy of Control: Accepting What We Cannot Change empty - 864
Stoic Practices: Reflection and Journaling empty - 865
Stoicism in Modern Life empty - 866
Topic: Existentialism The Meaning of Life and Existence empty - 867
Jean-Paul Sartre: Freedom and Responsibility empty - 868
Albert Camus: The Myth of Sisyphus and the Absurd empty - 869
Nihilism and the Will to Power empty - 870
Existentialism and Authenticity empty - 871
Topic: Phenomenology Edmund Husserl: Foundations of Phenomenology empty - 872
The Phenomenological Method: Intuition and Description empty - 873
Heidegger: Being and Time empty - 874
The Lifeworld and Intentionality empty - 875
Phenomenology’s Influence on Psychology and Sociology empty - 876
Topic: Pragmatism William James: The Philosophy of Pragmatism empty - 877
John Dewey: Experience and Education empty - 878
Charles Peirce: Signs and Semiotics empty - 879
Pragmatism vs. Other Philosophies empty - 880
The Role of Truth in Pragmatism empty - 881
Physics Module: Mechanics Topic: Kinematics Motion in one dimension empty - 882
Motion in two dimensions empty - 883
Equations of motion empty - 884
Projectile motion empty - 885
Topic: Dynamics Newton’s laws of motion empty - 886
Friction empty - 887
Circular motion empty - 888
Work, energy, and power empty - 889
Topic: Momentum Linear momentum empty - 890
Impulse empty - 891
Collisions (elastic and inelastic) empty - 892
Module: Thermodynamics Topic: Temperature and Heat Temperature scales empty - 893
Heat transfer (conduction, convection, radiation) empty - 894
Specific heat capacity empty - 895
Latent heat empty - 896
Topic: Laws of Thermodynamics Zeroth law of thermodynamics empty - 897
First law of thermodynamics empty - 898
Second law of thermodynamics empty - 899
Entropy empty - 900
Topic: Thermal Processes Isothermal process empty - 901
Adiabatic process empty - 902
Isobaric process empty - 903
Isochoric process empty - 904
Module: Waves and Oscillations Topic: Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) Definition and equations empty - 905
Energy in SHM empty - 906
Damped and forced oscillations empty - 907
Resonance empty - 908
Topic: Waves Wave properties (amplitude, frequency, wavelength, speed) empty - 909
Transverse and longitudinal waves empty - 910
Superposition and interference empty - 911
Standing waves empty - 912
Topic: Sound Sound waves empty - 913
Doppler effect empty - 914
Beats empty - 915
Acoustics empty - 916
Module: Electricity and Magnetism Topic: Electrostatics Coulomb’s law empty - 917
Electric field and potential empty - 918
Capacitance empty - 919
Gauss’s law empty - 920
Topic: Current Electricity Ohm’s law empty - 921
Kirchhoff’s laws empty - 922
Electrical power empty - 923
Resistors in series and parallel empty - 924
Topic: Magnetism Magnetic fields and forces empty - 925
Ampere’s law empty - 926
Electromagnetic induction empty - 927
Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law empty - 928
Topic: Electromagnetic Waves Spectrum of electromagnetic waves empty - 929
Properties and applications empty - 930
Speed of light in a vacuum empty - 931
Module: Optics Topic: Geometrical Optics Reflection and refraction empty - 932
Lenses and mirrors empty - 933
Snell’s law empty - 934
Total internal reflection empty - 935
Topic: Wave Optics Interference empty - 936
Diffraction empty - 937
Polarization empty - 938
Huygens’ principle empty - 939
Module: Modern Physics Topic: Quantum Mechanics Photoelectric effect empty - 940
Wave-particle duality empty - 941
Heisenberg uncertainty principle empty - 942
Schrodinger equation basics empty - 943
Topic: Relativity Special relativity empty - 944
Time dilation and length contraction empty - 945
Mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2) empty - 946
Topic: Atomic and Nuclear Physics Structure of the atom empty - 947
Radioactive decay empty - 948
Nuclear fission and fusion empty - 949
Applications in medicine and energy empty - 950
Sports Module: Introduction to Sports Topic: Physical Education Importance of Physical Activity and Health empty - 951
Types of Exercises and Fitness Routines empty - 952
Sports for All Ages and Skill Levels empty - 953
Sports Injuries and Prevention empty - 954
Mental and Physical Benefits of Exercise empty - 955
Topic: History of Sports Ancient Sports: Olympic Games in Greece, Roman Gladiatorial Games empty - 956
Development of Modern Sports empty - 957
The Rise of Professional Sports Leagues empty - 958
The Origins of the Olympic Games and the Modern Games empty - 959
The Role of Sports in Major Historical Events empty - 960
Topic: Types of Sports empty - 961
Individual Sports: Tennis, Athletics, Swimming, etc. empty - 962
Combat Sports: Boxing, Wrestling, Martial Arts empty - 963
Water Sports: Rowing, Sailing, Swimming empty - 964
Winter Sports: Skiing, Ice Hockey, Snowboarding empty - 965
Recreational Sports: Hiking, Cycling, Golf empty - 966
Topic: Sports Science Nutrition for Athletes empty - 967
Injury Prevention and Recovery empty - 968
Psychology of Sports: Motivation and Performance empty - 969
Biomechanics and Sports Technology empty - 970
Sports Performance Enhancement empty - 971
Topic: Famous Athletes and Legends Michael Jordan: Basketball Legend empty - 972
Serena Williams: Tennis Icon empty - 973
Usain Bolt: The Fastest Man in History empty - 974
Pelé and Diego Maradona: Football Legends empty - 975
Muhammad Ali: Boxing Champion empty - 976
Simone Biles: Gymnastics Superstar empty - 977
Topic: Global Sports Events The Olympic Games: History and Evolution empty - 978
empty - 979
The Tour de France: Cycling’s Greatest Race empty - 980
empty - 981
Formula 1: The Pinnacle of Motorsports empty - 982
The Commonwealth Games empty - 983
Topic: Sports and Society Sports as a Social Unifier empty - 984
Gender and Sports: Equality and Opportunities empty - 985
Race and Diversity in Sports empty - 986
Sports in Education: From School to Professional Level empty - 987
Sports and National Identity empty - 988
The Role of Sports in Social Movements empty - 989
Topic: Top 20 Sports in the World empty - 990
Cricket empty - 991
Basketball empty - 992
Tennis empty - 993
Field Hockey empty - 994
Volleyball empty - 995
Table Tennis empty - 996
Baseball empty - 997
Golf empty - 998
empty - 999
Rugby empty - 1000
Badminton empty - 1001
Ice Hockey empty - 1002
Boxing empty - 1003
Cycling empty - 1004
Handball empty - 1005
Wrestling empty - 1006
Athletics (Track and Field) empty - 1007
Swimming empty - 1008
English Module: English Grammar Topic: Parts of Speech Nouns: Common, proper, collective, abstract empty - 1009
Pronouns: Personal, possessive, reflexive, relative, demonstrative empty - 1010
Verbs: Action, linking, auxiliary, transitive, intransitive empty - 1011
Adjectives: Descriptive, quantitative, demonstrative, possessive empty - 1012
Adverbs: Manner, place, time, frequency, degree empty - 1013
Prepositions: Simple, compound, phrasal empty - 1014
Conjunctions: Coordinating, subordinating, correlative empty - 1015
Interjections: Exclamations and spontaneous expressions empty - 1016
Topic: Tenses Present Simple empty - 1017
Present Continuous empty - 1018
Present Perfect empty - 1019
Past Simple empty - 1020
Past Continuous empty - 1021
Past Perfect empty - 1022
Future Simple empty - 1023
Future Continuous empty - 1024
Future Perfect empty - 1025
Topic: Sentence Structure Simple sentences empty - 1026
Compound sentences empty - 1027
Complex sentences empty - 1028
Compound-complex sentences empty - 1029
Sentence fragments empty - 1030
Run-on sentences empty - 1031
Topic: Punctuation Full stops empty - 1032
Commas empty - 1033
Exclamation marks empty - 1034
Question marks empty - 1035
Colons empty - 1036
Semicolons empty - 1037
Quotation marks empty - 1038
Apostrophes empty - 1039
Hyphens and dashes empty - 1040
Topic: Active and Passive Voice Transforming active to passive empty - 1041
When to use active voice empty - 1042
When to use passive voice empty - 1043
Passive constructions in different tenses empty - 1044
Topic: Direct and Indirect Speech Transforming direct speech to indirect empty - 1045
Reporting verbs empty - 1046
Tense changes in reported speech empty - 1047
Questions and commands in reported speech empty - 1048
Topic: Modality and Mood Modal verbs: can, could, may, might, should, would, etc. empty - 1049
Expressing possibility, necessity, ability, and permission empty - 1050
Indicative, imperative, and subjunctive mood empty - 1051
Module: English Literature Topic: Literary Genres Fiction: Novels, short stories, and novellas empty - 1052
Non-fiction: Essays, biographies, autobiographies, and reports empty - 1053
Poetry: Sonnets, free verse, narrative poetry, dramatic poetry empty - 1054
Drama: Tragedy, comedy, and history plays empty - 1055
Prose: Short stories, novels, and narratives empty - 1056
Epic and Mythology: Classical epic, myths, and legends empty - 1057
Topic: Literary Devices Metaphor and simile empty - 1058
Personification empty - 1059
Alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia empty - 1060
Symbolism and allegory empty - 1061
Irony: Verbal, situational, and dramatic empty - 1062
Foreshadowing and flashbacks empty - 1063
Juxtaposition and contrast empty - 1064
Hyperbole and understatement empty - 1065
Topic: Literary Periods The Renaissance: Key authors and works (Shakespeare, Marlowe) empty - 1066
The Romantic Era: Major poets (Wordsworth, Keats, Byron) empty - 1067
Victorian Literature: Dickens, Hardy, and the novel of the period empty - 1068
Modernism: T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf empty - 1069
Postmodernism: Beckett, Pynchon, and the disintegration of traditional narratives empty - 1070
Elizabethan and Jacobean drama empty - 1071
Gothic literature: Poe, Mary Shelley, Bram Stoker empty - 1072
Topic: Key Authors and Works William Shakespeare: Plays (Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet) empty - 1073
Charles Dickens: Novels (A Tale of Two Cities, Oliver Twist) empty - 1074
Jane Austen: Novels (Pride and Prejudice, Emma) empty - 1075
George Orwell: Novels (1984, Animal Farm) empty - 1076
Virginia Woolf: Novels (Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse) empty - 1077
T.S. Eliot: Poetry (The Waste Land, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock) empty - 1078
F. Scott Fitzgerald: Novels (The Great Gatsby) empty - 1079
Topic: Literary Themes and Analysis Love and romance: Exploration of relationships in literature empty - 1080
Death and mortality: The inevitability of death, existential themes empty - 1081
War and conflict: Literature during and after war (WWI, WWII) empty - 1082
Identity and self: Individual vs. society, coming-of-age stories empty - 1083
Social justice and equality: Class, race, and gender in literature empty - 1084
Power and corruption: Abuse of power in political and social contexts empty - 1085
Nature vs. civilization: The impact of industrialization, human nature empty - 1086
Topic: Poetry Analysis Form and structure: Types of stanzas, rhyme schemes, and meter empty - 1087
Sound devices: Alliteration, assonance, consonance empty - 1088
Poetic devices: Imagery, symbolism, metaphor, simile empty - 1089
Themes in poetry: Love, nature, time, existentialism empty - 1090
Famous poets: William Wordsworth, Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, W.B. Yeats empty - 1091
Topic: Drama Analysis Tragedy: Aristotle’s concept of catharsis, tragic hero empty - 1092
Comedy: Satire, farce, and the use of humor empty - 1093
Characterization: Protagonists, antagonists, and supporting characters empty - 1094
Themes in drama: Conflict, morality, fate vs. free will empty - 1095
Shakespearean drama: Study of tragedies, comedies, and histories empty - 1096
Modern drama: Absurdism, existentialism, and postmodern plays empty - 1097
Topic: Novel Studies Classical novels: Works of Dickens, Austen, and the Brontë sisters empty - 1098
Modern novels: Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Woolf empty - 1099
Contemporary novels: Works of Toni Morrison, Kazuo Ishiguro empty - 1100
Themes in novels: Social class, race, and historical context empty - 1101
Narrative techniques: First-person, third-person, unreliable narrators empty - 1102
Genre studies: Gothic, science fiction, historical fiction empty - 1103
Topic: Literary Criticism and Theory Formalism: Structure, form, and literary techniques empty - 1104
Marxist criticism: Class struggles and economic factors in literature empty - 1105
Feminist criticism: Gender, power, and representation in literature empty - 1106
Psychoanalytic criticism: Freud’s theories applied to literature empty - 1107
New Historicism: Understanding historical context in literature empty - 1108
Postcolonial criticism: Imperialism and its effects on literature empty - 1109
Structuralism and poststructuralism: Meaning and language in texts empty - 1110
Topic: Literary Adaptations Adapting novels into films: Challenges and creative decisions empty - 1111
Shakespeare adaptations: Movies, plays, and modern reimaginings empty - 1112
The influence of literature on popular culture empty - 1113
Theatre adaptations: Novels and short stories in stage productions empty - 1114
Graphic novels and comics: Literary devices and storytelling techniques empty - 1115
Module: English Language Curriculum Topic: Listening and Speaking Skills Active listening techniques empty - 1116
Pronunciation and stress patterns empty - 1117
Conversational English: Greetings, small talk, and polite expressions empty - 1118
Debating and presenting opinions empty - 1119
Pronunciation challenges for non-native speakers empty - 1120
Formal and informal speech contexts empty - 1121
Public speaking and presentation skills empty - 1122
Topic: Reading Comprehension Understanding main ideas and supporting details empty - 1123
Inference and deduction empty - 1124
Identifying tone and purpose empty - 1125
Contextual meaning and vocabulary empty - 1126
Summarizing and paraphrasing empty - 1127
Understanding the structure of texts empty - 1128
Critical reading and analysis empty - 1129
Topic: Writing Skills Sentence structure and paragraph organization empty - 1130
Coherence and cohesion in writing empty - 1131
Essays: Argumentative, descriptive, narrative, and expository empty - 1132
Creative writing: Short stories, poetry, and scripts empty - 1133
Formal writing: Letters, emails, reports, and proposals empty - 1134
Editing and revising techniques empty - 1135
Writing for different purposes and audiences empty - 1136
Topic: Vocabulary and Spelling Word families and roots empty - 1137
Commonly confused words empty - 1138
Phrasal verbs and idiomatic expressions empty - 1139
Spelling rules and exceptions empty - 1140
Word formation: Prefixes, suffixes, and compound words empty - 1141
Synonyms and antonyms empty - 1142
Using a dictionary and thesaurus effectively empty - 1143
Topic: Grammar in Context Grammar rules applied to speaking and writing empty - 1144
Contextualized grammar teaching: Situational exercises empty - 1145
Using grammar for clarity and precision empty - 1146
Complex sentence structures and their functions empty - 1147
Grammar for academic writing empty - 1148
Common grammatical errors and how to avoid them empty - 1149
Topic: Cultural Context in Language Understanding cultural references in language empty - 1150
The role of culture in communication empty - 1151
Language variations: British vs. American English empty - 1152
Language and identity empty - 1153
Global English and its variations empty - 1154
Portuguese Module: Gramática Portuguesa Topic: Classes de Palavras Substantivos: Comuns, próprios, coletivos, abstratos empty - 1155
Pronomes: Pessoais, possessivos, reflexivos, relativos, demonstrativos empty - 1156
Verbos: De ação, de ligação, auxiliares, transitivos, intransitivos empty - 1157
Adjetivos: Qualificativos, numerais, possessivos, demonstrativos empty - 1158
Advérbios: De modo, lugar, tempo, frequência, intensidade empty - 1159
Preposições: Simples, compostas, locuções prepositivas empty - 1160
Conjunções: Coordenativas, subordinativas, correlativas empty - 1161
Interjeições: Expressões exclamativas e espontâneas empty - 1162
Topic: Tempos Verbais Presente do Indicativo empty - 1163
Pretérito Perfeito empty - 1164
Pretérito Imperfeito empty - 1165
Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito empty - 1166
Futuro do Presente empty - 1167
Futuro do Pretérito empty - 1168
Presente do Subjuntivo empty - 1169
Pretérito Imperfeito do Subjuntivo empty - 1170
Futuro do Subjuntivo empty - 1171
Topic: Estrutura da Sentença Frases simples empty - 1172
Frases compostas empty - 1173
Frases complexas empty - 1174
Frases compostas-complexas empty - 1175
Frases negativas empty - 1176
Frases exclamativas empty - 1177
Topic: Pontuação Ponto final empty - 1178
Vírgula empty - 1179
Ponto e vírgula empty - 1180
Dois pontos empty - 1181
Ponto de exclamação empty - 1182
Ponto de interrogação empty - 1183
Aspas empty - 1184
Parênteses empty - 1185
Travessão empty - 1186
Topic: Voz Ativa e Passiva Transformação da voz ativa para passiva empty - 1187
Quando usar a voz ativa empty - 1188
Quando usar a voz passiva empty - 1189
Concordância verbal e nominal na voz passiva empty - 1190
Topic: Discurso Direto e Indireto Transformação da fala direta para indireta empty - 1191
Uso de verbos de reporte empty - 1192
Mudança de tempos verbais no discurso indireto empty - 1193
Mudança de pronomes e advérbios de lugar e tempo empty - 1194
Topic: Modalidade e Modo Uso de verbos modais: pode, deve, precisa, etc. empty - 1195
Expressando possibilidade, necessidade, permissão empty - 1196
Modo indicativo, subjuntivo e imperativo empty - 1197
Module: Literatura Portuguesa Topic: Gêneros Literários Ficção: Romances, contos, novelas empty - 1198
Não ficção: Ensaios, biografias, crônicas empty - 1199
Poesia: Sonetos, versos livres, poesia lírica, épica e dramática empty - 1200
Teatro: Tragédia, comédia, e drama moderno empty - 1201
Prosa: Contos e narrativas empty - 1202
Literatura de Cordel: Tradição oral, poesias e cantigas empty - 1203
Topic: Figuras de Linguagem Metáfora e símile empty - 1204
Personificação empty - 1205
Aliteração, assonância, e onomatopeia empty - 1206
Simbolismo e alegoria empty - 1207
Ironia: Verbal, situacional, e dramática empty - 1208
Anacoluto e elipse empty - 1209
Hipérbole e eufemismo empty - 1210
Topic: Períodos Literários Barroco: Obras de Gregório de Matos, Padre Antônio Vieira empty - 1211
Romantismo: Castro Alves, Gonçalves Dias, José de Alencar empty - 1212
Realismo e Naturalismo: Machado de Assis, Raul Pompeia empty - 1213
Modernismo: Mário de Andrade, Oswald de Andrade, Manuel Bandeira empty - 1214
Pós-modernismo: Clarice Lispector, Guimarães Rosa, João Guimarães empty - 1215
Topic: Autores e Obras Importantes Machado de Assis: ’Dom Casmurro’, ’Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas’ empty - 1216
Clarice Lispector: ’A Hora da Estrela’, ’Perto do Coração Selvagem’ empty - 1217
José de Alencar: ’Iracema’, ’O Guarani’ empty - 1218
Carlos Drummond de Andrade: ’Alguma Poesia’, ’Sentimento do Mundo’ empty - 1219
Raul Pompeia: ’O Ateneu’, ’A Moreninha’ empty - 1220
Topic: Temas Literários e Análise Amor e romance: Exploração das relações e emoções empty - 1221
Morte e existência: O conceito de fatalidade e transcendência empty - 1222
Conflitos sociais: Abordagens em relação a classes sociais e pobreza empty - 1223
Identidade e o eu: A busca pelo ser e a construção da identidade empty - 1224
Política e crítica social: O papel da literatura na reflexão política empty - 1225
Natureza e a relação do homem com o meio ambiente empty - 1226
Topic: Análise de Poesia Formas poéticas: Sonetos, versos livres, haikai empty - 1227
Ritmo e métrica na poesia empty - 1228
Imagens poéticas: Metáforas e símbolos empty - 1229
Poesia concretista e suas influências empty - 1230
A poesia moderna e a liberdade de forma empty - 1231
Topic: Análise de Drama Tragédia: Características e estudo de obras empty - 1232
Comédia: Análise de temas e estrutura empty - 1233
Personagens no drama: Protagonista, antagonista, personagens secundários empty - 1234
Estudo de obras teatrais de Nelson Rodrigues, Ariano Suassuna empty - 1235
Topic: Crítica Literária Literatura Comparada empty - 1236
Teoria da Literatura empty - 1237
Crítica marxista e feminista empty - 1238
Estudos pós-coloniais empty - 1239
Estruturalismo e pós-estruturalismo empty - 1240
Module: Currículo de Língua Portuguesa Topic: Habilidades de Escuta e Fala Compreensão auditiva: Técnicas e estratégias empty - 1241
Expressão oral: Dicção, entonação e fluência empty - 1242
Conversação: Diálogos, debates, e apresentações empty - 1243
Pronúncia e fonologia do português empty - 1244
Falar em público: Técnicas de oratória e discurso empty - 1245
Topic: Compreensão de Leitura Identificação de ideias principais e secundárias empty - 1246
Interpretação de textos literários e não literários empty - 1247
Inferência e dedução empty - 1248
Estrutura de um texto: Coerência e coesão empty - 1249
Análise crítica de textos empty - 1250
Topic: Habilidades de Escrita Construção de frases e parágrafos empty - 1251
Coesão e coerência no texto empty - 1252
Redação dissertativa, expositiva e narrativa empty - 1253
Redação criativa: Contos, poesias, e ensaios empty - 1254
Escrita acadêmica: Relatórios, ensaios, e monografias empty - 1255
Topic: Vocabulário e Ortografia Formação de palavras: Radical, sufixo, prefixo empty - 1256
Sinônimos e antônimos empty - 1257
Erros comuns de grafia empty - 1258
Ortografia: Acordo Ortográfico e suas mudanças empty - 1259
Expressões idiomáticas e gírias empty - 1260
Topic: Gramática em Contexto Uso de gramática em textos acadêmicos empty - 1261
Estruturas complexas em frases e parágrafos empty - 1262
Uso de tempos verbais na escrita empty - 1263
Erros comuns e como evitá-los empty - 1264
Prática de gramática contextualizada empty - 1265
Topic: Contexto Cultural na Língua A cultura brasileira e suas diversas influências empty - 1266
Variações linguísticas no Brasil: Dialetos e sotaques empty - 1267
A língua portuguesa em diferentes países e suas variantes empty - 1268
Literatura como forma de expressão cultural empty - 1269
O papel da língua na formação de identidade empty - 1270
Spanish Module: Gramática Española Topic: Categorías de palabras Sustantivos: comunes, propios, colectivos, abstractos empty - 1271
Pronombres: personales, posesivos, reflexivos, relativos, demostrativos empty - 1272
Verbos: transitivos, intransitivos, auxiliares, impersonales empty - 1273
Adjetivos: calificativos, numerales, posesivos, demostrativos empty - 1274
Adverbios: modo, lugar, tiempo, cantidad, afirmación, negación empty - 1275
Preposiciones: simples y compuestas empty - 1276
Conjunciones: coordinantes, subordinantes, correlativas empty - 1277
Interjecciones: expresiones espontáneas y de admiración. empty - 1278
Topic: tiempo verbal presente empty - 1279
Pretérito perfecto empty - 1280
pretérito imperfecto empty - 1281
Pretérito pluscuamperfecto empty - 1282
futuro simple empty - 1283
condicional empty - 1284
Condicional compuesto: presente, imperfecto, pluscuamperfecto empty - 1285
imperativo empty - 1286
futuro compuesto empty - 1287
Topic: Estructura de la oración oraciones simples empty - 1288
oraciones compuestas empty - 1289
oraciones complejas empty - 1290
Oraciones subordinadas empty - 1291
Los fenómenos negativos empty - 1292
Oraciones exclamativas empty - 1293
Topic: puntuación punto empty - 1294
Coma empty - 1295
punto y coma empty - 1296
dos puntos empty - 1297
Signos de exclamación empty - 1298
Signos de interrogación empty - 1299
Comilla empty - 1300
paréntesis empty - 1301
guiones empty - 1302
Topic: Voz activa y pasiva Transformación de la voz activa a la pasiva empty - 1303
Uso de la voz activa empty - 1304
Uso de la voz pasiva empty - 1305
Concordancia de la voz pasiva empty - 1306
Topic: Estilo directo e indirecto Transformación del estilo directo a indirecto. empty - 1307
Verbos de decir: decir, afirmar, explicar empty - 1308
Cambio de tiempo verbal en estilo indirecto empty - 1309
Cambio de pronombres y adverbios empty - 1310
Topic: Modalidad y estado Uso de formas verbales: poder, deber, querer. empty - 1311
Expresión de posibilidad, necesidad, permiso empty - 1312
Referencia, condición y necesidad empty - 1313
Module: Literatura Española Topic: Géneros literarios Ficción: novelas, cuentos, relatos empty - 1314
No ficción: ensayos, biografía, reportajes empty - 1315
Poesía: sonetos, verso libre, lírica, épica, drama. empty - 1316
Teatro: tragedia, comedia, drama moderno empty - 1317
Prosa: narrativas cortas y relatos empty - 1318
Folclore: cuentos, canciones, leyendas. empty - 1319
Topic: recursos literarios Metáfora y símil empty - 1320
personificacion empty - 1321
Aliteración, asonancia, onomatopeya. empty - 1322
Simbolismo y alegoría empty - 1323
Ironía: verbal, situacional, dramática. empty - 1324
Anacoluto y elipsis empty - 1325
hipérbole y eufemismo empty - 1326
Topic: Épocas literarias Renacimiento: obras de Garcilaso de la Vega, Juan Boscán empty - 1327
Barroco: obras de Luis de Góngora, Francisco de Quevedo empty - 1328
Romanticismo: Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, José de Espronceda empty - 1329
Realismo y naturalismo: Benito Pérez Galdós, Emilia Pardo Bazán empty - 1330
Modernismo: Rubén Darío, Antonio Machado empty - 1331
Generación del 98: Miguel de Unamuno, Azorín empty - 1332
Generación del 27: Federico García Lorca, Luis Cernuda empty - 1333
Topic: Obras y autores fundamentales Miguel de Cervantes: `Don Quijote de la Mancha` empty - 1334
Federico García Lorca: `La casa de Bernarda Alba`, `Romancero gitano` empty - 1335
Luis de Góngora: `La Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea` empty - 1336
Benito Pérez Galdós: `Fortunata y Jacinta` empty - 1337
Gabriel García Márquez: `Cien años de soledad` empty - 1338
Julio Cortázar: `Rayuela` empty - 1339
Topic: Temáticas y análisis literarios. Amor y romanticismo: relaciones y emociones empty - 1340
Muerte y existencia: destino y trascendencia empty - 1341
Conflictos sociales: desigualdades, pobreza, justicia empty - 1342
Identidad y personalidad: construcción del individuo empty - 1343
Política y crítica social: la literatura como reflejo político empty - 1344
Naturaleza y hombre: la relación con el entorno empty - 1345
Topic: Análisis de la poesía Formas poéticas: sonetos, verso libre, haikus empty - 1346
Ritmo y métrica en la poesía empty - 1347
Figuras del lenguaje: metáforas y símbolos empty - 1348
Poesía concreta y sus impactos empty - 1349
Poesía moderna y libertad de forma. empty - 1350
Topic: Análisis del drama Tragedia: características y análisis de obras empty - 1351
Comedia: análisis de temas y estructura. empty - 1352
Personajes dramáticos: héroe, antagonista, personajes secundarios. empty - 1353
Estudio de las obras de Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Lope de Vega empty - 1354
Topic: Crítica literaria Estudios de literatura comparada empty - 1355
teoría literaria empty - 1356
Crítica de la literatura marxista y feminista empty - 1357
estudios poscoloniales empty - 1358
Estructuralismo y postestructuralismo empty - 1359
Module: Plan de Estudios de Español Topic: Competencias auditivas y orales Comprensión auditiva: técnicas y estrategias empty - 1360
Expresión oral: pronunciación, entonación y fluidez. empty - 1361
Conversación: diálogos, discusiones y presentaciones empty - 1362
Pronunciación y fonología del español empty - 1363
Discurso público: técnicas de oratoria y réplicas empty - 1364
Topic: comprensión lectora Identificación de ideas principales y secundarias empty - 1365
Interpretación de textos literarios y no literarios empty - 1366
Inferencias y deducciones empty - 1367
Estructura del texto: cohesión y coherencia empty - 1368
análisis crítico de textos empty - 1369
Topic: Competencias escritas Construcción de oraciones y párrafos empty - 1370
Cohesión y coherencia en el texto. empty - 1371
Escritura argumentativa, expositiva y narrativa. empty - 1372
Escritura creativa: relatos, poemas y cartas. empty - 1373
Escritura académica: informes, ensayos y trabajos empty - 1374
Topic: Vocabulario y ortografía Formación de palabras: raíces, sufijos, prefijos empty - 1375
Sinónimos y sinónimos empty - 1376
Errores ortográficos comunes empty - 1377
Ortografía: reglas ortográficas empty - 1378
Frases idiomáticas y expresiones coloquiales. empty - 1379
Topic: Gramática en contexto Uso de la gramática en textos académicos empty - 1380
Estructuras oracionales completas en textos. empty - 1381
Uso de tiempos verbales en la escritura empty - 1382
Errores comunes y cómo evitarlos empty - 1383
Aplicación práctica de la gramática empty - 1384
Topic: contexto cultural del idioma Cultura española y sus diversas influencias empty - 1385
Variaciones dialectales en España: acentos y modismos empty - 1386
El español en diferentes países y sus variaciones. empty - 1387
La literatura como forma de expresión cultural. empty - 1388
El papel del idioma en la construcción de la identidad empty - 1389
German
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French Module: Grammaire Française Topic: Classes de Mots Noms : Communs, propres, collectifs, abstraits empty - 1390
Pronoms : Personnels, possessifs, réfléchis, relatifs, démonstratifs empty - 1391
Verbes : D’action, d’état, auxiliaires, transitifs, intransitifs empty - 1392
Adjectifs : Qualificatifs, numéraux, possessifs, démonstratifs empty - 1393
Adverbes : De manière, de lieu, de temps, de fréquence, d’intensité empty - 1394
Prépositions : Simples, composées, locutions prépositives empty - 1395
Conjonctions : Coordinatives, subordinatives, corrélatives empty - 1396
Interjections : Exclamations et expressions spontanées empty - 1397
Topic: Temps Verbaux Présent de l’indicatif empty - 1398
Passé composé empty - 1399
Imparfait empty - 1400
Plus-que-parfait empty - 1401
Futur simple empty - 1402
Conditionnel empty - 1403
Subjonctif présent empty - 1404
Subjonctif passé empty - 1405
Futur antérieur empty - 1406
Topic: Structure de la Phrase Phrases simples empty - 1407
Phrases composées empty - 1408
Phrases complexes empty - 1409
Phrases subordonnées empty - 1410
Phrases négatives empty - 1411
Phrases exclamatives empty - 1412
Topic: Ponctuation Point empty - 1413
Virgule empty - 1414
Point-virgule empty - 1415
Deux-points empty - 1416
Point d’exclamation empty - 1417
Point d’interrogation empty - 1418
Guillemets empty - 1419
Parenthèses empty - 1420
Tiret empty - 1421
Topic: Voix Active et Passive Transformation de la voix active en passive empty - 1422
Quand utiliser la voix active empty - 1423
Quand utiliser la voix passive empty - 1424
Accord des verbes à la voix passive empty - 1425
Topic: Discours Direct et Indirect Transformation du discours direct en indirect empty - 1426
Verbes de parole : Dire, expliquer, annoncer empty - 1427
Changement de temps verbaux dans le discours indirect empty - 1428
Changement des pronoms et adverbes empty - 1429
Topic: Modalités et Modes Utilisation des verbes modaux : Peut, doit, peut-être empty - 1430
Exprimer la possibilité, la nécessité, la permission empty - 1431
Mode indicatif, subjonctif et impératif empty - 1432
Module: Littérature Française Topic: Genres Littéraires Fiction : Romans, nouvelles, récits empty - 1433
Non-fiction : Essais, biographies, chroniques empty - 1434
Poésie : Sonnets, vers libres, poésie lyrique, épique et dramatique empty - 1435
Théâtre : Tragédie, comédie et drame moderne empty - 1436
Prose : Récits et nouvelles empty - 1437
Littérature de cordel : Tradition orale, poésie et chansons empty - 1438
Topic: Figures de Style Métaphore et comparaison empty - 1439
Personnification empty - 1440
Allitération, assonance, onomatopée empty - 1441
Symbolisme et allégorie empty - 1442
Ironie : Verbale, situationnelle, dramatique empty - 1443
Anacoluthe et ellipse empty - 1444
Hyperbole et euphémisme empty - 1445
Topic: Périodes Littéraires Baroque : Œuvres de Corneille, Racine empty - 1446
Romantisme : Hugo, Lamartine, Musset empty - 1447
Réalisme et Naturalisme : Flaubert, Zola empty - 1448
Modernisme : Proust, Céline, Sartre empty - 1449
Post-modernisme : Beauvoir, Barthes, Derrida empty - 1450
Topic: Auteurs et Œuvres Importantes Victor Hugo : ’Les Misérables’, ’Notre-Dame de Paris’ empty - 1451
Marcel Proust : ’À la recherche du temps perdu’ empty - 1452
Émile Zola : ’Germinal’, ’L’Assommoir’ empty - 1453
Montaigne : ’Les Essais’ empty - 1454
Albert Camus : ’L’Étranger’, ’La Peste’ empty - 1455
Topic: Thèmes Littéraires et Analyse L’amour et le romantisme : Exploration des relations et émotions empty - 1456
La mort et l’existence : La fatalité et la transcendence empty - 1457
Les conflits sociaux : Classes sociales, pauvreté, inégalités empty - 1458
Identité et soi : La construction de l’individualité empty - 1459
Politique et critique sociale : La littérature comme réflexion politique empty - 1460
Nature et l’homme : Relations avec l’environnement et la nature empty - 1461
Topic: Analyse de la Poésie Formes poétiques : Sonnets, vers libres, haïkus empty - 1462
Rythme et métrique en poésie empty - 1463
Images poétiques : Métaphores et symboles empty - 1464
Poésie concrète et influences empty - 1465
Poésie moderne et liberté de forme empty - 1466
Topic: Analyse du Drame Tragédie : Caractéristiques et étude des œuvres empty - 1467
Comédie : Analyse des thèmes et de la structure empty - 1468
Personnages dans le drame : Protagoniste, antagoniste, personnages secondaires empty - 1469
Étude des œuvres théâtrales de Molière, Jean-Paul Sartre empty - 1470
Topic: Critique Littéraire Littérature comparée empty - 1471
Théorie littéraire empty - 1472
Critique marxiste et féministe empty - 1473
Études post-coloniales empty - 1474
Structuralisme et post-structuralisme empty - 1475
Module: Curriculum de Langue Française Topic: Compétences en Écoute et Parole Compréhension auditive : Techniques et stratégies empty - 1476
Expression orale : Diction, intonation et fluidité empty - 1477
Conversation : Dialogues, débats et présentations empty - 1478
Prononciation et phonologie du français empty - 1479
Prise de parole en public : Techniques d’oratoire et de discours empty - 1480
Topic: Compréhension de Lecture Identification des idées principales et secondaires empty - 1481
Interprétation de textes littéraires et non littéraires empty - 1482
Inférence et déduction empty - 1483
Structure d’un texte : Cohérence et cohésion empty - 1484
Analyse critique de textes empty - 1485
Topic: Compétences en Rédaction Construction de phrases et paragraphes empty - 1486
Cohésion et cohérence dans le texte empty - 1487
Rédaction argumentative, explicative et narrative empty - 1488
Rédaction créative : Nouvelles, poésies et essais empty - 1489
Rédaction académique : Rapports, essais, mémoires empty - 1490
Topic: Vocabulaire et Orthographe Formation des mots : Radical, suffixe, préfixe empty - 1491
Synonymes et antonymes empty - 1492
Erreurs courantes d’orthographe empty - 1493
Orthographe : Réforme orthographique empty - 1494
Expressions idiomatiques et argot empty - 1495
Topic: Grammaire en Contexte Utilisation de la grammaire dans les textes académiques empty - 1496
Structures complexes dans les phrases et paragraphes empty - 1497
Utilisation des temps verbaux dans la rédaction empty - 1498
empty - 1499
Pratique de la grammaire contextualisée empty - 1500
Topic: Contexte Culturel de la Langue La culture française et ses influences diverses empty - 1501
Variations linguistiques en France : Dialectes et accents empty - 1502
La langue française dans différents pays et ses variantes empty - 1503
La littérature comme forme d’expression culturelle empty - 1504
Le rôle de la langue dans la formation de l’identité empty - 1505
Business Module: Introduction to Business Topic: What is Business? Definition and Purpose of Business empty - 1506
Types of Businesses (Sole Proprietorships, Partnerships, Corporations, etc.) empty - 1507
Understanding the Business Environment empty - 1508
The Role of Businesses in Economic Development empty - 1509
Topic: Basic Business Concepts Understanding Goods and Services empty - 1510
Value Creation in Business empty - 1511
Supply and Demand Basics empty - 1512
The Concept of Profit and Revenue empty - 1513
Module: Business Management Topic: Fundamentals of Management Functions of Management (Planning, Organizing, Leading, Controlling) empty - 1514
Management Levels (Top, Middle, First-line) empty - 1515
The Importance of Strategic Management empty - 1516
Contemporary Management Theories empty - 1517
Topic: Human Resource Management Recruitment and Selection Processes empty - 1518
Employee Development and Training empty - 1519
Performance Management Systems empty - 1520
Labor Relations and Employment Laws empty - 1521
Module: Marketing Principles Topic: Understanding Marketing Definition and Importance of Marketing empty - 1522
The Marketing Mix (4 Ps: Product, Price, Place, Promotion) empty - 1523
Market Research Techniques empty - 1524
Identifying Target Markets empty - 1525
Topic: Digital Marketing Strategies Overview of Digital Marketing Channels empty - 1526
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) empty - 1527
Social Media Marketing empty - 1528
Content Marketing and Email Marketing empty - 1529
Module: Financial Management Topic: Understanding Financial Statements Overview of Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow Statement empty - 1530
Interpreting Financial Ratios empty - 1531
Understanding Revenue Recognition empty - 1532
The Role of Auditing and Financial Oversight empty - 1533
Topic: Budgeting and Forecasting Creating and Managing Budgets empty - 1534
Financial Forecasting Techniques empty - 1535
Variances Analysis empty - 1536
The Importance of Cash Flow Management empty - 1537
Module: Entrepreneurship Topic: Starting a Business Identifying Business Opportunities empty - 1538
Creating a Business Plan empty - 1539
Funding and Financing Options for Startups empty - 1540
Legal Considerations for New Businesses empty - 1541
Topic: Growth and Innovation in Entrepreneurship Scaling a Business: Challenges and Strategies empty - 1542
Understanding Innovation and Its Importance empty - 1543
Disruptive vs. Sustaining Innovation empty - 1544
Networking and Building Business Relationships empty - 1545
Module: Operations Management Topic: Overview of Operations Management The Role of Operations Management in Business empty - 1546
Process Design and Control empty - 1547
Supply Chain Management Basics empty - 1548
Quality Control and Improvement empty - 1549
Topic: Project Management Understanding Project Lifecycle empty - 1550
Project Planning and Scheduling Techniques empty - 1551
Risk Management in Projects empty - 1552
Evaluating Project Performance empty - 1553
Module: Global Business Environment Topic: Understanding Global Markets Globalization and Its Impact on Business empty - 1554
Cultural Considerations in International Business empty - 1555
Trade Agreements and Regulations empty - 1556
Strategies for Entering Foreign Markets empty - 1557
Topic: Ethics and Social Responsibility in Business Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) empty - 1558
Ethical Decision-Making in Business empty - 1559
Sustainability and Environmental Impact empty - 1560
The Role of Business in Community Development empty - 1561
Module: Projects and Application of Business Concepts Topic: Creating a Business Plan Components of a Business Plan empty - 1562
Conducting Market Research empty - 1563
Financial Projections and Funding Needs empty - 1564
Presenting the Business Plan to Stakeholders empty - 1565
Topic: Simulating Business Decisions Utilizing Business Simulation Tools empty - 1566
Analyzing Case Studies of Successful Businesses empty - 1567
Role Play in Business Scenarios empty - 1568
Assessing Outcomes and Learning from Mistakes empty - 1569
Topic: Conducting a Marketing Campaign Developing a Marketing Strategy empty - 1570
Implementing Marketing Tactics empty - 1571
Measuring Campaign Effectiveness empty - 1572
Adjusting Strategies Based on Feedback empty - 1573
Module: Best Businesses Niches in 2024 Topic: Sustainability and Eco-Friendly Products Definition
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